핵심요약

• 미국은 쿠바를 다른 어떤 국가보다 오래 제재해왔습니다.
• 오바마 대통령은 briefly ties를 정상화했지만, 트럼프 대통령은 새로운 제재를 부과했습니다.
• 바이든 행정부는 일부 제한을 완화했지만, 트럼프의 재임으로 새로운 관세와 위협이 추가되었습니다.
• 미국-쿠바 관계는 60년 동안 갈등이 지속되어 왔습니다.

도입

미국-쿠바 관계의 최신 동향은 투자자에게 중요한 지표입니다. 이 관계는 경제 제재, 외교 정책 변화, 그리고 지역 안정성에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문입니다. 특히 쿠바와의 무역 제한 완화 또는 강화는 관련 기업들의 수익성에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있습니다.

본문 1: 경제 제재의 역사적 배경

미국은 1959년 쿠바 혁명 이후 쿠바를 제재해왔습니다. 이 제재는 쿠바가 소련과 동맹을 맺고 미국 기업의 자산을 국유화하면서 시작되었습니다. 1962년 쿠바 미사일 위기 이후 제재는 더욱 강화되었습니다. 이 역사적 배경은 미국과 쿠바 간의 긴장 관계를 이해하는 데 핵심적인 요소입니다.

본문 2: 정책 변화의 경제적 영향

오바마 대통령의 정상화 정책은 쿠바와의 무역과 투자 기회가 증가할 것으로 기대되었습니다. 그러나 트럼프 대통령의 제재 재개는 이러한 기회를 다시 제한했습니다. 바이든 행정부의 일부 완화 조치는 쿠바와의 관계를 개선할 가능성을 열어두었지만, 트럼프의 재임으로 새로운 제재가 추가되면서 다시 불확실성이 증가했습니다. 이는 관련 기업들의 수익성과 투자 결정에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.

본문 3: 지역 안정성의 영향

미국-쿠바 관계는 카리브해 지역 전체의 안정성에 영향을 미칩니다. 쿠바와의 관계 개선은 지역 경제 협력과 안보 협력을 강화할 수 있는 기회를 제공하지만, 제재는 이러한 협력을 방해할 수 있습니다. 특히 쿠바와의 경제 제재 완화는 카리브해 국가들과의 무역과 투자 기회가 증가할 가능성을 열어줍니다.

결론

미국-쿠바 관계는 60년 동안 지속된 갈등과 정책 변화의 영향을 받아 왔습니다. 현재 상황은 새로운 제재와 위협으로 인해 더욱 복잡해지고 있습니다. 투자자들은 이 관계를 주시하며, 경제 제재 완화 또는 강화가 관련 기업들의 수익성에 미치는 영향을 면밀히 분석해야 합니다. 향후 정책 변화가 어떻게 전개될지 주목할 필요가 있습니다.

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U.S.-Cuba Relations Explained - Council on Foreign Relations

Communist Cuba has long been a major foreign policy challenge for the United States. The second Trump administration has ushered in a period of renewed strain in bilateral relations, marked by tougher rhetoric and tighter U.S. sanctions.

Authoritative, accessible, and regularly updated Backgrounders on hundreds of foreign policy topics.

The entire CFR editorial team, with regular reviews by fellows and subject matter experts.

The U.S.-Cuba relationship has been plagued by distrust and antagonism since 1959, when Cuban political leader Fidel Castro overthrew a U.S.-backed regime in Havana and established a socialist state allied with the Soviet Union. Over the next half century, successive U.S. administrations pursued policies aimed at isolating the Caribbean island economically and diplomatically. The United States has sanctioned Cuba longer than any other country.

That approach briefly shifted under President Obama, who took unprecedented steps to normalize bilateral relations, meeting with Cuban President Raúl Castro and restoring full diplomatic ties. However, President Trump largely reversed course during his first term, imposing a raft of new sanctions and redesignating Cuba a state sponsor of terrorism. The Biden administration later loosened some restrictions, including limits on travel, but Trump’s return to office has brought new tariffs and renewed threats against the island, further complicating an already fraught policy challenge.

The tumultuous U.S.-Cuba relationship has its roots in the Cold War. In 1959, Fidel Castro and a group of revolutionaries seized power in Havana, overthrowing the U.S.-backed government of Fulgencio Batista. After the Cuban Revolution, the United States recognized Fidel Castro’s government but began imposing economic penalties as the new regime increased its trade with the Soviet Union, nationalized American-owned properties, and hiked taxes on U.S. imports. After slashing Cuban sugar imports, Washington instituted a ban on nearly all U.S. exports to Havana, which President John F. Kennedy expanded into a full economic embargo that included stringent travel restrictions.

In 1961, two years after Castro seized power, the United States severed diplomatic ties with Cuba and began pursuing covert operations to overthrow the Castro regime. The missile crisis arose after Cuba allowed the Soviet Union to secretly install nuclear missiles on the island following a botched CIA attempt to topple Castro, known as the Bay of Pigs invasion . U.S. surveillance aircraft uncovered the Soviet installations in October 1962, setting off a thirteen-day political and military standoff between Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that threatened to escalate into nuclear war.

Kennedy demanded that the Soviets remove the weapons and ordered the U.S. Navy to impose a maritime quarantine on Cuba to block additional arms from reaching the island. In the end, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for a pledge from Kennedy not to invade Cuba and to remove U.S. nuclear missiles from Turkey that were within range of the Soviet Union. The crisis was a turning point in the Cold War, as the two superpowers made efforts to avoid nuclear confrontation.

In the decades that followed, economic and diplomatic isolation became the major prongs of U.S. policy toward Cuba. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan labeled Cuba a state sponsor of terrorism for its support of leftist militant groups in Africa and Central America. Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton signed laws—the Cuba Democracy Act of 1992 and the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 , also known as the Helms-Burton Act—that strengthened U.S. sanctions and stated that the embargo would remain in place until Cuba transitioned to a democracy that excludes the Castro family and upholds fundamental freedoms.

Some adjustments in 1999 allowed for the export of U.S.-made medical supplies and food to the island. Restrictions tightened, however, under President George W. Bush, whose Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba increased enforcement of existing sanctions.

During his 2008 presidential campaign, Obama said isolating Cuba had failed to advance U.S. interests and that it was time to pursue diplomacy with the Castro regime. Several weeks after taking office, he eased restrictions on remittances and travel, allowing Cuban Americans to send unlimited money to Cuba and permitting U.S. citizens to visit the island for religious and educational purposes.

As Obama began softening U.S. policy, Cuba signaled an openness to reform under the new leadership of Fidel’s brother, Raúl. Facing an aging population, a heavy foreign debt load, and economic hardship amid the global downturn, Raúl Castro began liberalizing Cuba’s state-controlled economy in 2009. His reforms included decentralizing the agricultural sector, relaxing restrictions on small businesses, opening up real estate markets, allowing Cubans to travel abroad more freely , and expanding access to consumer goods. Cuba’s private sector swelled as a result, and the number of self-employed workers nearly tripled between 2009 and 2013.

Obama and Raúl Castro surprised the world in December 2014 by announcing their governments would restore full diplomatic ties and begin easing more than fifty years of bilateral tensions. “America chooses to cut loose the shackles of the past so as to reach for a better future—for the Cuban people, for the American people, for our entire hemisphere, and for the world,” Obama said in a White House statement . The historic moment marked the culmination of eighteen months of secret diplomacy brokered by Pope Francis, during which the parties agreed to an exchange of prisoners , including Cuban intelligence officers and an American contractor, among other concessions.

In the following years, the Obama administration further loosened restrictions on remittances, travel, trade, telecommunications, and financial services, while rescinding Cuba’s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism—a major obstacle to normalization. Both governments also reopened their respective embassies, a move that was met with widespread public support in both countries.

In early 2016, Obama took another significant step toward normalization by visiting Havana, the first trip to Cuba by a sitting U.S. president since Calvin Coolidge in 1928. In a keynote address broadcast live, with Raúl Castro sitting in the audience, Obama urged the Cuban government to continue its political and economic liberalization and the U.S. Congress to lift the trade embargo. Later that year, U.S. commercial airlines began offering service between the countries for the first time in more than fifty years.

Days before he left office in January 2017, Obama rescinded the Clinton-era “ wet-foot, dry-foot policy ” [PDF]. The policy had allowed Cuban migrants who reached U.S. soil without visas to stay and apply for permanent residency, while those intercepted at sea were generally returned home. The rescission, which the Cuban government welcomed, ended what some had considered to be preferential treatment for Cuban immigrants and allowed those who arrived in the United States without visas to be placed in expedited removal proceedings.

The death of Fidel Castro and the election of Trump in 2016 rekindled debates over U.S.-Cuba policy. While in office, Trump followed through on campaign pledges to reverse course on much of the Obama administration’s so-called Cuban thaw. His first year coincided with the public emergence of “Havana Syndrome”— unexplained symptoms including hearing loss and cognitive impairment initially reported by U.S. intelligence officers and diplomats stationed at the U.S. Embassy in Cuba. Then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson asserted that U.S. diplomats were purposefully being targeted. However, the Cuban government denied involvement and urged the United States not to cut diplomatic ties.

Nevertheless, the Trump administration withdrew all nonessential personnel from the U.S. Embassy in Havana in September 2017 and issued a travel advisory discouraging Americans from traveling to Cuba. The following month, Trump said he “believe[s] Cuba’s responsible” for the mysterious health attacks and expelled fifteen Cuban diplomats from Washington, a decision Havana condemned as “hasty, inappropriate, and unthinking.” His administration later prohibited commerce with businesses controlled by or operating on behalf of the Cuban military, intelligence agencies, and security services. (In 2020, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine found that directed, pulsed radio frequency energy was the most plausible explanation for the symptoms associated with Havana Syndrome.)

During his presidency, Trump increased travel and financial restrictions on Cuba. This included banning Americans from individually traveling to Cuba for educational and cultural exchanges, significantly curbing remittances , and restricting flights to Cuban cities other than Havana. In 2020, the administration barred U.S. travelers from staying at hundreds of establishments linked to the Cuban government or Communist Party. (Americans have long circumvented travel restrictions by entering Cuba through third countries like Mexico.)

The White House further targeted Cuba’s finances by allowing U.S. nationals to sue entities that traffic in or benefit from property confiscated by the Cuban regime—a provision of the Helms-Burton Act that past U.S. presidents had routinely waived. Canada and the European Union, both major foreign investors in Cuba, pledged to protect their companies by fighting the decision through the World Trade Organization .

The Trump administration also grew increasingly wary of Cuba’s close ties with the embattled socialist regime of Venezuela’s Nicolás Maduro. It sought to curb oil shipments from Venezuela to Cuba by sanctioning [PDF] shipping firms, vessels, and Cuba’s state-run oil company. It also banned Cuban and Venezuelan officials deemed responsible for or complicit in supporting Venezuela’s human rights abuses from entering the United States. As one of Trump’s final acts, his administration redesignated Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism, reversing Obama’s 2015 decision.

As a candidate, Biden pledged to reverse Trump’s policies on Cuba, which he said did not advance human rights or democracy. After taking office, his administration launched a review of those measures, signaling openness to lifting remittance restrictions , and appointed a high-level official to oversee the State Department’s response to the unexplained injuries reported by U.S. diplomats in Cuba. (U.S. intelligence agencies concluded in 2023 that the injuries were not likely to be caused by a foreign adversary.) At the same time, Havana made some economic reforms, including easing restrictions on private businesses and unifying its dual currencies. In April 2021, President Miguel Díaz-Canel—who took office in 2018—replaced Raúl Castro as the first secretary of the Communist Party, ending decades of leadership by the Castro family.

However, prospects for rapprochement dimmed after Cuba’s largest protests in nearly three decades erupted in July 2021. Demonstrators cited worsening economic conditions —including power outages, food and medicine shortages, and spiking inflation—while analysts blamed a combination of U.S. sanctions, government mismanagement, and a pandemic-related collapse in tourism. The Cuban government responded by blaming foreign provocateurs, arresting protest organizers, and clamping down internet and social media access.

Biden called on the regime to respect Cubans’ rights to protest and imposed new sanctions on several officials, including high-level members of the national police. In May 2022, following its Cuba policy review, the White House announced a series of measures to ease restrictions on the island, including expanding U.S. flights into the country, reestablishing a family reunification program, and lifting the remittance cap for families.

But conditions on the island deteriorated, and in March 2024, hundreds of demonstrators again took to the streets to decry mass power outages and food shortages. Unlike in 2021, the government responded by ramping up electricity generation and distributing subsidized food rations, some of which China supplied . Havana also reiterated its accusations that Washington was stoking public dissent with the aim of overthrowing the communist-run government, which the White House denied.

Source: https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMiYEFVX3lxTE56ZzdXZWFsNHk0MEt6OWExR3NwSEliUUpBMjFjTU1saW1xNEdJZlNvRU1rSk9oQ0JnNHhHdmhwSGNNYnI4X2FNeGFWWEVMN0RFcHlfTGpva0FNYTVET05ISA?oc=5